Frequency generation and synchronization systems and methods

ABSTRACT

A clock generator can include a Fin Field Effect Transistor (FinFET) oscillator and a phased-locked loop (PLL). The FinFET oscillator can generate a FinFET signal. The PLL can generate an output clock signal based on a reference clock signal and the FinFET signal.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a National Phase entry application of InternationalPatent Application No. PCT/US2019/053275 filed Sep. 26, 2019, whichclaims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/736,596,filed Sep. 26, 2018, entitled “Frequency Generation and SynchronizationSystems and Methods,” and is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

BACKGROUND Field

Aspects described herein generally relate to methods and systems forclock generation, including clock generation systems and methodsincluding one or more FinFETs in a closed look configuration.

Related Art

Wireless communications are expanding into communications havingincreased data rates that require high precision synchronization clockgeneration. Such systems may use on-chip LC (inductor-capacitor)oscillators synchronized to an external reference (e.g. quartz or MEMSoscillator).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form a partof the specification, illustrate the aspects of the present disclosureand, together with the description, further serve to explain theprinciples of the aspects and to enable a person skilled in thepertinent art to make and use the aspects.

FIG. 1 illustrates a communication device according to an exemplaryaspect of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 illustrates a clock generator according to an exemplary aspect ofthe present disclosure.

FIG. 3 illustrates a transceiver according to an exemplary aspect of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart 400 of a clock generation methodaccording to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 illustrates a FinFET oscillator according to an exemplary aspectof the present disclosure.

The exemplary aspects of the present disclosure will be described withreference to the accompanying drawings. The drawing in which an elementfirst appears is typically indicated by the leftmost digit(s) in thecorresponding reference number.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth inorder to provide a thorough understanding of the aspects of the presentdisclosure. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the artthat the aspects, including structures, systems, and methods, may bepracticed without these specific details. The description andrepresentation herein are the common means used by those experienced orskilled in the art to most effectively convey the substance of theirwork to others skilled in the art. In other instances, well-knownmethods, procedures, components, and circuitry have not been describedin detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring aspects of the disclosure.

Aspects described herein generally relate to methods and systems forclock generation, including clock generation systems and methodsincluding one or more Fin Field Effect Transistors (FinFETs) in a closedlook configuration. A FinFET is a three-dimensional transistor and caninclude a channel that is raised above the plane of the silicon creatinga “fin” structure.

Wireless communication devices may be configured for multiple radioaccess technologies (RATs). In these examples, the transceiver(s) of thecommunication device can be configured to perform carrier aggregation.In systems that include inductor-based oscillators, concurrent receptionand transmission requirements may result in electro-magnetic couplingbetween concurrently oscillating oscillators (e.g. digitally controlledoscillators). Further, inductors generally do not scale with processtechnology and result in reduced production yield. Example RATs include(but are not limited to), 2G, 3G, 4G, LTE, 5G, satellite navigationtechnologies (e.g. GNSS), BT, WiFi, CDMA, or one or more other wirelesstechnologies as would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

Aspects of the present disclosure avoid the general requirements ofon-chip inductor-based oscillators, including a high resistivitysubstrate (usually not used due to latch up problems) to achieve a veryhigh Q to fulfil low phase noise specifications. Further, modelling ofinductors in a deep submicron process is very complex and reduce thechance for the first-time right solution. Also, integrating numerousPLLs based on LC oscillator (e.g. synchronized to an external, highquality reference provided by a quartz or MEMS oscillator) may result inunwanted cross-talk between the oscillators due to magnetic andcapacitive coupling.

The aspects herein are applicable to transmitters, receivers, and otherelectronic devices requiring one or more accurate clock generations aswould be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Althoughaspects are described with respect to wireless communications, thepresent disclosure is not limited to wireless communicationimplementations and can include other applications that use clockgenerators and synchronizations using such generated clock(s),including, wired communications, data processing, encryption, or thelike.

FIG. 1 illustrates a communication device 100 according to an exemplaryaspect of the present disclosure. The communication device 100 isconfigured to transmit and/or receive wireless communications via one ormore wireless technologies. For example, the communication device 100can be configured for wireless communications conforming to, forexample, one or more fifth generation (5G) “New Radio” cellularcommunication protocols, such as 5G protocols that use the 28 GHzfrequency spectrum, communication protocols conforming to the WirelessGigabit Alliance (WiGig) standard, such as IEEE 802.11ad and/or IEEE802.11ay that use the 60 GHz frequency spectrum, or one or more other 5Gor other radio access technologies as would be understood by one ofordinary skill in the art. That is, the communication device 100 is notlimited to these communication protocols and can be configured for oneor more additional or alternative wireless and/or wired communicationprotocols, such as one or more 3rd Generation Partnership Project's(3GPP) protocols (e.g., Long-Term Evolution (LTE)), one or more wirelesslocal area networking (WLAN) communication protocols, and/or one or moreother communication protocols as would be understood by one of ordinaryskill in the relevant arts.

The communication device 100 can be configured to communicate with oneor more other communication devices, including, for example, one or morebase stations, one or more access points, one or more othercommunication devices, and/or one or more other devices as would beunderstood by one of ordinary skill in the relevant arts. Although theexemplary aspects of the communication device 100 are described withrespect to wireless communications, the communication device 100 can beconfigured for one or more wired communication technologies as would beunderstood by one of ordinary skill in the relevant arts.

In an exemplary aspect, the communication device 100 includes acontroller 140 communicatively coupled to one or more transceivers 105.The transceiver 105 is configured to transmit and/or receive wirelesscommunications via one or more wireless technologies. In an exemplaryaspect, the transceiver 105 includes processor circuitry that isconfigured for transmitting and/or receiving wireless communicationsconforming to one or more wireless protocols. In other aspects,additionally or alternatively, the transceiver 105 is configured totransmit and/or receive wired communications via one or more wiredtechnologies. In an exemplary aspect, the processor circuitry of thetransceiver 105 is configured for transmitting and/or receiving wiredcommunications conforming to one or more wired protocols.

In an exemplary aspect, the transceiver 105 includes a transmitter 110and a receiver 120 configured for transmitting and receiving wirelesscommunications, respectively, via one or more antennas 130. In wiredcommunication aspects, the transmitter 110 and the receiver 120 areconfigured for transmitting and receiving wired communications,respectively.

In aspects having two or more transceivers 105, the two or moretransceivers 105 can have their own antenna 130, or can share a commonantenna via a duplexer. In an exemplary aspect, the transceiver 105(including the transmitter 110 and/or receiver 120) is configured toperform one or more baseband processing functions (e.g., media accesscontrol (MAC), encoding/decoding, modulation/demodulation, data symbolmapping; error correction, etc.).

In an exemplary aspect, the transceiver 105 additionally includes aclock generator 125 that is configured to generate one or more highprecision synchronization clock signals. The clock signal(s) can be usedby the transmitter 110, receiver 120, one or more other components ofthe transceiver 105, the controller 140, and/or one or more othercomponents of the communication device 100. In an exemplary aspect, theclock generator 125 includes one or more FinFET oscillators as discussedin more detail below. In an exemplary aspect, the clock generator 125includes processor circuitry that is configured to perform one or moreoperations and/or functions of the clock generator 125, includinggenerating one or more clock signal(s).

The antenna 130 can be a single antenna, include multiple antennas, orinclude one or more antenna elements forming an integer array of antennaelements. In an exemplary aspect, the antenna 130 is a phased arrayantenna that includes multiple radiating elements (antenna elements)each having a corresponding phase shifter. The antenna 130 configured asa phased array antenna can be configured to perform one or morebeamforming and/or beam-scanning operations. The beamforming operationscan include generating beams formed by shifting the phase of the signalemitted from each radiating element to provide constructive/destructiveinterference so as to steer the beams in the desired direction.

In an exemplary aspect, the controller 140 includes processor circuitry150 that is configured to control the overall operation of thecommunication device 100, such as the operation of the transceiver(s)105. The processor circuitry 150 may be configured to control thetransmitting and/or receiving of wireless communications via thetransceiver(s) 105 and/or control phase shifting and/or amplifier gainvalues associated with antenna elements of the antenna 130.

In an exemplary aspect, the processor circuitry 150 is configured toperform one or more baseband processing functions (e.g., media accesscontrol (MAC), encoding/decoding, modulation/demodulation, data symbolmapping; error correction, etc.) in cooperation with the transceiver 105or instead of such operations/functions being performed by thetransceiver 105. The processor circuitry 150 is configured to run one ormore applications and/or operating systems; power management (e.g.,battery control and monitoring); display settings; volume control;and/or user interactions via one or more user interfaces (e.g.,keyboard, touchscreen display, microphone, speaker, etc.) in one or moreaspects.

In an exemplary aspect, the controller 140 further includes a memory 160that stores data and/or instructions. When the instructions are executedby the processor circuitry 150, the processor circuitry 150 performs theassociated functions described herein.

The memory 160 may be any well-known volatile and/or non-volatilememory, including, for example, read-only memory (ROM), random accessmemory (RAM), flash memory, a magnetic storage media, an optical disc,erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), and programmable readonly memory (PROM). The memory 160 can be non-removable or removable, ora combination of both. The controller 140 can additionally oralternatively be configured to access an external memory to store datawithin, or retrieve data from, the external memory.

Examples of the communication device 100 include (but are not limitedto) a mobile computing device (mobile device)—such as a laptop computer,a tablet computer, a mobile telephone or smartphone, a “phablet,” apersonal digital assistant (PDA), and mobile media player; a wearablecomputing device—such as a computerized wrist watch or “smart” watch,and computerized eyeglasses; and/or internet-of-things (IoT) device. Insome aspects of the present disclosure, the communication device 100 maybe a stationary communication device, including, for example, astationary computing device—such as a personal computer (PC), a desktopcomputer, television, smart-home device, security device (e.g.,electronic/smart lock), automated teller machine, a computerized kiosk,and/or an automotive/aeronautical/maritime in-dash computer terminal.

In one or more aspects, the communication device 100 or one or morecomponents of the communication device 100 is additionally oralternatively configured to perform digital signal processing (e.g.,using a digital signal processor (DSP)), modulation and/or demodulation(using a modulator/demodulator), a digital-to-analog conversion (DAC)and/or an analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) (using a respective DA andAD converter), an encoding/decoding (e.g., using encoders/decodershaving convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, and/or LowDensity Parity Check (LDPC) encoder/decoder functionality), frequencyconversion (using, for example, mixers, local oscillators, and filters),Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT), preceding, and/or constellationmapping/de-mapping to transmit and/or receive wireless communicationsconforming to one or more wireless protocols and/or facilitate thebeamforming scanning operations and/or beamforming communicationoperations.

FIG. 2 illustrates a clock generator according to an exemplary aspect ofthe present disclosure. The clock generator 200 can be implemented inthe communication device 100 as clock generator 125 in one or moreaspects.

In an exemplary aspect, the clock generator 200 includes a phased-lockloop (PLL) 205 and a Fin Field Effect Transistor (FinFET) oscillator225. In an exemplary aspect, the PLL 205 includes a time-to-digitalconverter (TDC) 210, a loop filter 215, a digital-to-time converter(DTC) 220, multi-modulus divider (MMD) 230, and a sigma-delta modulator235. In an exemplary aspect, one or more of the components of the PLL205 and/or the FinFET oscillators 225 includes processor circuitry thatis configured to perform one or more respective operations and/orfunctions of the PLL 205 and/or FinFET oscillator 225.

In an exemplary aspect, the TDC 210 is configured to: receive areference clock signal generated by oscillator 240 (e.g. crystaloscillator) and a feedback signal from the MMD 230, compare thereference clock signal and the feedback signal, and generate a digitaloutput signal based on the comparison of the reference clock signal andthe feedback signal. In an exemplary aspect, the TDC 210 is configuredto measure a time interval of the reference clock signal and/or thefeedback signal, and convert the reference clock signal, the feedbacksignal, and/or a comparison of the reference clock and feedback signalsinto digital (e.g. binary) output. The digital output signal generatedby the TDC 210 is then provided from the TDC 210 to the loop filter 215.In an exemplary aspect, the loop filter 215 is configured to filter thedigital output signal and generate a filtered signal. Although theillustrated example shows the oscillator 240 being external to the clockgenerator 200, the oscillator 240 can be comprised within the clockgenerator 200 in one or more aspects. In an alternative aspect, theoscillator 240 is comprised within the controller 140, or within anothercomponent of the communication device 100.

In an exemplary aspect, the FinFET oscillator 225 is configured togenerate one or more clock signals at one or more respectivefrequencies. In an exemplary aspect, the FinFET oscillator 225 isconfigured to generate a gigahertz clock signal, such as a clock signalin the range of 20-30 GHz. The FinFET oscillator 225 is not limited togenerating clock signals in the range of 20-30 GHz, and can generateclock signals at other frequencies as would be understood by one ofordinary skill in the art. In an exemplary aspect, the FinFET oscillator225 includes processor circuitry that is configured to perform one ormore operations and/or functions of the FinFET oscillator 225, includinggenerating an oscillating signal (e.g. a clock signal) having aparticular frequency (e.g. 20-30 GHz). An example FinFEToscillator/resonator 500 is illustrated in FIG. 5. In an exemplaryaspect, the FinFET oscillator 225 is implemented as the FinFEToscillator 500, but is not limited thereto. In an exemplary aspect, theFinFET oscillator 500 is a FinFET based resonator. In an exemplaryaspect, the FinFET oscillator 500 includes a plurality of FinFETs.

With reference to FIG. 5, the FinFET oscillator/resonator 500 isillustrated as a one-dimensional (1D) model where the fins are assumedto be very tall. In an exemplary embodiment, the height of fin dividedby its width is greater than 3.0 and includes ratios such as 3.5, 4.0,4.5, 5.0, 5.5, or 6.0. In an exemplary embodiment, the FinFEToscillator/resonator 500 is a piezoresistive resonator.

For actuation, a DC input (V_(DD)) is supplied to the drain components509, 516, 517 during gate actuation 551, 552, 553, 554, 555, 556. In analternative exemplary embodiment, V_(DD) may be supplied to sourcecomponents. Also, to generate gate actuation 551, 552, 553, 554, 555,556 V_(in)AC is supplied to gate 505, along with V_(DD) (V_(DD)generates an inversion layer for the channel and also providescapacitance about the gate dielectric). In an exemplary embodiment,V_(in) (e.g., 10 to 100 mV) and V_(DD) (e.g., 0.7 to 1.2 V, depending ongate oxide thickness) excites the mechanical modes of the device. Morespecifically, the applied time varying voltage (DC+AC) on the gateproduces a time varying force on the channel material, which leads toacoustic resonance of the gate, putting an AC strain on the channelsection/fin.

In an exemplary embodiment, for sensing, V_(DD) (0.7 to 1.2V) 541, 542,543 is supplied to the source/drain components 509/512, 516/514, 517/515and V_(DD) (e.g., 0.7 to 1.2 V) is supplied to gate 505 to againgenerate an inversion layer for the channel and also provide channelinversion capacitance about the gate dielectric.

In an exemplary embodiment, the fin-to-fin pitch is 180 nm (measured asthe distance between two adjacent fin channels) 599. In an exemplaryembodiment, the fins are silicon fins, and gate 505 is a tungsten gate,but the disclosure is not limited thereto. In an exemplary embodiment,the f-Q product is 2×10¹³ Hz with f and Q being the frequency andquality factor for the resonator device, respectively.

In an exemplary aspect, the DTC 220 is configured to receive thefiltered signal from the loop filter 215 and the FinFET clock signalgenerated by the FinFET oscillator 225. In an exemplary aspect, the DTC220 is configured to divide down (e.g. phase modulate) the FinFET clocksignal based on the filtered signal to generate an output clock signalhaving a desired frequency (e.g. 500 MHz to 8 GHz, but is not limitedthereto). In an exemplary aspect, the output clock signal has afrequency of 500 MHz to 5 GHz. In an exemplary aspect, the output clocksignal has a frequency of 500 MHz to 8 GHz. The frequency of the outputclock signal is not limited to these exemplary frequency values and canbe other frequency values as would be understood by one of ordinaryskill in the relevant arts.

In operation, the output clock signal can be fed back to the MMD 230. Inan exemplary aspect, the MMD 230 is configured to divide the outputclock signal from the DTC 220 by N to obtain a feedback signal. Thefeedback signal is then provided to the TDC 210. The MMD 230 can beadjusted (e.g. the value of N) based on a sigma delta signal generatedby sigma delta modulator 235. This adjustment can be controlled by anexternal frequency programming signal. In an exemplary aspect, the MMD230 is a frequency or fractional divider.

In an exemplary aspect, the output clock signal is locked and referencedto the common reference clock signal generated by the oscillator 240 andstabilized by the PLL 205. In this example, the DTC (and other DTCs insystems having multiple closed-loop DTC configurations), is synchronizedto the reference clock signal of the oscillator 240 (e.g. 38.4 MHz).

FIG. 3 illustrates a transceiver 300, which is an exemplary aspect ofthe transceiver 105. In an exemplary aspect, the transceiver 300includes one or more clock generators 200 having the FinFET oscillator225. In exemplary aspect, as shown in FIG. 3, two or more DTCs 205 sharea corresponding FinFET oscillator 225. In other aspects, each DTC 205includes its own dedicated FinFET oscillator 225. In an alternativeaspect, some DTCs 205 share a common FinFET oscillator 225 while one ormore other DTCs 205 include their own FinFET oscillator 225.

For example, to optimize power consumption of the LO distribution, eachgroup of receivers (e.g. main Rx 120.1-120.n and diversity Rx120.C1-120.Cn,) and transmitters (e.g. main Tx 110.1-110.n) have acorresponding FinFET oscillator 225. Alternatively, the FinFET frequencycan be derived from the only one FinFET oscillator 225 depending of chipsize and application, or one or more DTCs 205 have a dedicated FinFEToscillator 225. The transceiver 300 can also include ananalog-to-digital converter (ADC) 310, a digital interface 305, and afeedback receiver (FBR) 315. The transceiver 300 can also include one ormore digital-to-analog converters (DACs. The ADC 310, digital interface305, FBR 315, and/or DAC(s) can utilize a FinFET clock (e.g. outputclock signal in FIG. 2) from a FinFET oscillator 225 (e.g. from aninductor less resonator).

FIG. 4 illustrates a flowchart 400 of a clock generating methodaccording to an exemplary aspect of the present disclosure. Theflowchart 400 is discussed with reference to FIGS. 1-3 and 5.

The flowchart 400 begins at operation 405, where a Fin Field EffectTransistor (FinFET) signal is generated. In an exemplary aspect, theFinFET signal is generated by a FinFET oscillator, such as FinFEToscillator 225. The FinFET oscillator can be a component of a clockgenerator, such as clock generator 200.

After operation 405, the flowchart 400 transitions to operation 410,where an output clock signal is generated based on the FinFET signal anda received reference clock signal. In an exemplary aspect, the outputclock signal is generated by a phased-locked loop (PLL), such as PLL205. In an exemplary aspect, the FinFET signal is modulated based on thereference clock signal. The reference clock signal may be generated by areference clock generator, such as an oscillator 240 (e.g. crystaloscillator).

EXAMPLES

Example 1 is a clock generator comprising: a Fin Field Effect Transistor(FinFET) oscillator configured to generate a FinFET signal; and aphased-locked loop (PLL) configured to generate an output clock signalbased on a reference clock signal and the FinFET signal.

Example 2 is the subject matter of Example 1, wherein the PLL comprises:a time-to-digital converter (TDC) is configured to generate a digitaloutput signal based on the reference clock signal and a feedback signal;a loop filter configured to filter the digital output signal to generatea filtered signal; a digital-to-time converter (DTC) configured togenerate the output clock signal based on the filtered signal and theFinFET signal; and multi-modulus divider (MMD) that is configured togenerate the feedback signal based on the output clock signal.

Example 3 is the subject matter of any of Examples 1-2, wherein theFinFET oscillator is configured to generate the FinFET signal having afrequency ranging from 20 GHz to 30 GHz.

Example 4 is the subject matter of any of Examples 1-3, wherein thereference clock signal is generated by a crystal oscillator.

Example 5 is the subject matter of any of Examples 1-4, wherein theFinFET oscillator is an inductor-less oscillator.

Example 6 is the subject matter of any of Examples 1-5, wherein outputclock signal has a frequency ranging from 500 MHz to 8 GHz.

Example 7 is the subject matter of any of Examples 1-6, wherein the DTCis configured to generate the output clock signal having a frequencyranging from 500 MHz to 8 GHz based on the filtered signal and theFinFET signal.

Example 8 is the subject matter of any of Examples 2-7, wherein the DTCis configured to adjust the FinFET signal based on the filtered signalto generate an output clock signal.

Example 9 is the subject matter of any of Examples 2-8, wherein the DTCis configured to phase modulate the FinFET signal based on the filteredsignal to generate an output clock signal.

Example 10 is the subject matter of any of Examples 2-9, wherein the DTCis configured to divide the FinFET signal based on the filtered signalto generate an output clock signal.

Example 11 is the subject matter of any of Examples 1-10, wherein theFinFET signal is a clock signal generated by the FinFET oscillator.

Example 12 is a communication device comprising: a communicationinterface; and transceiver configured to process one or morecommunication signals transmitted or received via the communicationinterface, the transceiver including: a Fin Field Effect Transistor(FinFET) oscillator configured to generate a FinFET signal; and aphased-locked loop (PLL) configured to generate an output clock signalbased on a reference clock signal and the FinFET signal.

Example 13 is the subject matter of Example 12, wherein the transceiveris configured to process the one or more communication signals based onthe output clock signal.

Example 14 is the subject matter of any of Examples 12-13, wherein thecommunication interface is configured to communicatively couple to anantenna.

Example 15 is the subject matter of any of Examples 12-14, wherein thePLL comprises: a time-to-digital converter (TDC) is configured togenerate a digital output signal based on the reference clock signal anda feedback signal; a loop filter configured to filter the digital outputsignal to generate a filtered signal; a digital-to-time converter (DTC)configured to generate the output clock signal based on the filteredsignal and the FinFET signal; and multi-modulus divider (MMD) that isconfigured to generate the feedback signal based on the output clocksignal.

Example 16 is the subject matter of any of Examples 12-15, wherein theFinFET oscillator is configured to generate the FinFET signal having afrequency ranging from 20 GHz to 30 GHz.

Example 17 is the subject matter of any of Examples 12-16, furthercomprising a crystal oscillator, wherein the reference clock signal isgenerated by the crystal oscillator.

Example 18 is the subject matter of any of Examples 12-16, wherein thetransceiver further comprises a crystal oscillator, the reference clocksignal being generated by the crystal oscillator.

Example 19 is the subject matter of any of Examples 12-16, wherein thereference clock signal is generated by a crystal oscillator.

Example 20 is the subject matter of any of Examples 12-19, wherein theFinFET oscillator is an inductor-less oscillator.

Example 21 is the subject matter of any of Examples 12-20, whereinoutput clock signal has a frequency ranging from 500 MHz to 8 GHz.

Example 22 is the subject matter of any of Examples 15-21, wherein theDTC is configured to generate the output clock signal having a frequencyranging from 500 MHz to 8 GHz based on the filtered signal and theFinFET signal.

Example 23 is the subject matter of any of Examples 15-22, wherein theDTC is configured to adjust the FinFET signal based on the filteredsignal to generate an output clock signal.

Example 24 is the subject matter of any of Examples 15-23, wherein theDTC is configured to phase modulate the FinFET signal based on thefiltered signal to generate an output clock signal.

Example 25 is the subject matter of any of Examples 15-24, wherein theDTC is configured to divide the FinFET signal based on the filteredsignal to generate an output clock signal.

Example 26 is the subject matter of any of Examples 12-25, wherein theFinFET signal is a clock signal generated by the FinFET oscillator.

Example 27 is a method to generate a clock signal, comprising:generating, by a Fin Field Effect Transistor (FinFET) oscillator, aFinFET signal; and generating, by a phased-locked loop (PLL), an outputclock signal based on the FinFET signal and a reference clock signal.

Example 28 is the subject matter of Example 27, wherein generating theoutput signal comprises modulating the FinFET clock signal based on thefiltered signal.

Example 29 is the subject matter of any of Examples 27-28, furthercomprising generating the reference clock signal.

Example 30 is the subject matter of Example 29, wherein the referenceclock signal is generated by a crystal oscillator.

Example 31 is a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium with anexecutable program stored thereon, that when executed, instructs aprocessor to perform the method of any of Examples 27-30.

CONCLUSION

The aforementioned description of the specific aspects will so fullyreveal the general nature of the disclosure that others can, by applyingknowledge within the skill of the art, readily modify and/or adapt forvarious applications such specific aspects, without undueexperimentation, and without departing from the general concept of thepresent disclosure. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications areintended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of thedisclosed aspects, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein.It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology herein is forthe purpose of description and not of limitation, such that theterminology or phraseology of the present specification is to beinterpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings andguidance.

References in the specification to “one aspect,” “an aspect,” “anexemplary aspect,” etc., indicate that the aspect described may includea particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every aspect maynot necessarily include the particular feature, structure, orcharacteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring tothe same aspect. Further, when a particular feature, structure, orcharacteristic is described in connection with an aspect, it issubmitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art toaffect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection withother aspects whether or not explicitly described.

The exemplary aspects described herein are provided for illustrativepurposes, and are not limiting. Other exemplary aspects are possible,and modifications may be made to the exemplary aspects. Therefore, thespecification is not meant to limit the disclosure. Rather, the scope ofthe disclosure is defined only in accordance with the following claimsand their equivalents.

Aspects may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuits), firmware,software, or any combination thereof. Aspects may also be implemented asinstructions stored on a machine-readable medium, which may be read andexecuted by one or more processors. A machine-readable medium mayinclude any mechanism for storing or transmitting information in a formreadable by a machine (e.g., a computing device). For example, amachine-readable medium may include read only memory (ROM); randomaccess memory (RAM); magnetic disk storage media; optical storage media;flash memory devices; electrical, optical, acoustical or other forms ofpropagated signals (e.g., carrier waves, infrared signals, digitalsignals, etc.), and others. Further, firmware, software, routines,instructions may be described herein as performing certain actions.However, it should be appreciated that such descriptions are merely forconvenience and that such actions in fact results from computingdevices, processors, controllers, or other devices executing thefirmware, software, routines, instructions, etc. Further, any of theimplementation variations may be carried out by a general-purposecomputer.

For the purposes of this discussion, the term “processor circuitry”shall be understood to be circuit(s), processor(s), logic, or acombination thereof. For example, a circuit includes an analog circuit,a digital circuit, state machine logic, data processing circuit, aprogrammable processing circuit, other structural electronic hardware,or a combination thereof. A processor includes a microprocessor, adigital signal processor (DSP), central processor (CPU),application-specific instruction set processor (ASIP), graphics and/orimage processor, multi-core processor, or other hardware processor. Theprocessor can be “hard-coded” with instructions to perform correspondingfunction(s) according to aspects described herein. Alternatively, theprocessor can access an internal and/or external memory to retrieveinstructions stored in the memory, which when executed by the processor,perform the corresponding function(s) associated with the processor,and/or one or more functions and/or operations related to the operationof a component having the processor included therein.

In one or more of the exemplary aspects described herein, processorcircuitry can include memory that stores data and/or instructions. Thememory can be any well-known volatile and/or non-volatile memory,including, for example, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory(RAM), flash memory, a magnetic storage media, an optical disc, erasableprogrammable read only memory (EPROM), and programmable read only memory(PROM). The memory can be non-removable, removable, or a combination ofboth.

As will be apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art based onthe teachings herein, exemplary aspects are not limited to communicationprotocols that utilize the millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum (e.g., 24GHz-300 GHz), such as WiGig (IEEE 802.11ad and/or IEEE 802.11ay) whichoperates at 60 GHz, and/or one or more 5G protocols using, for example,the 28 GHz frequency spectrum. The exemplary aspects can be applied toother wireless communication protocols/standards (e.g., LTE or othercellular protocols, other IEEE 802.11 protocols, etc.) as would beunderstood by one of ordinary skill in the relevant arts.

What is claimed is:
 1. A clock generator comprising: a Fin Field EffectTransistor (FinFET) oscillator configured to generate a FinFET signal,wherein the FinFET oscillator comprises a FinFET that includes a finstructure comprising a channel raised above a plane of silicon, whereinthe fin structure comprises a ratio of a height divided by a width thatis greater than three, and the FinFET is configured to produce a timevarying force on the channel in response to a time varying voltageapplied to a gate of the FinFET; and a phased-locked loop (PLL)configured to generate an output clock signal based on a reference clocksignal and the FinFET signal.
 2. The clock generator of claim 1, whereinthe PLL comprises: a time-to-digital converter (TOO) is configured togenerate a digital output signal based on the reference clock signal anda feedback signal; a loop filter configured to filter the digital outputsignal to generate a filtered signal; a digital-to-time converter (DTC)configured to generate the output clock signal based on the filteredsignal and the FinFET signal, wherein the DTC is synchronized to thereference clock signal; and multi-modulus divider (MMD) that isconfigured to generate the feedback signal based on the output clocksignal.
 3. The clock generator of claim 2, wherein the DTC is configuredto generate the output clock signal having a frequency ranging from 500MHz to 8 GHz based on the filtered signal and the FinFET signal.
 4. Theclock generator of claim 2, wherein the DTC is configured to adjust theFinFET signal of the FinFET oscillator based on the filtered signal ofthe loop filter to generate the output clock signal.
 5. The clockgenerator of claim 2, wherein the DTC is configured to phase modulatethe FinFET signal of the FinFET oscillator based on the filtered signalof the loop filter to generate the output clock signal.
 6. The clockgenerator of claim 2, wherein the DTC is configured to divide the FinFETsignal of the FinFET oscillator based on the filtered signal of the loopfilter to generate the output clock signal.
 7. The clock generator ofclaim 1, wherein the FinFET oscillator is an inductor less oscillator.8. The clock generator of claim 1, wherein the output clock signal has afrequency ranging from 500 MHz to 8 GHz.
 9. A communication devicecomprising: a communication interface; and transceiver configured toprocess one or more communication signals transmitted or received viathe communication interface, the transceiver including: a Fin FieldEffect Transistor (FinFET) oscillator configured to generate a FinFETsignal, wherein the FinFET oscillator comprises a FinFET that includes afin structure comprising a channel raised above a plane of silicon,wherein the fin structure comprises a ratio of a height divided by awidth that is greater than three, and the FinFET is configured toproduce a time varying force on the channel in response to a timevarying voltage applied to a gate of the FinFET; and a phased-lockedloop (PLL) configured to generate an output clock signal based on areference clock signal and the FinFET signal.
 10. The communicationdevice of claim 9, wherein the FinFET oscillator is configured togenerate the FinFET signal having a frequency ranging from 20 GHz to 30GHz.
 11. The communication device of claim 9, wherein the FinFEToscillator is an inductor-less oscillator.
 12. The communication deviceof claim 9, wherein the output clock signal has a frequency ranging from500 MHz to 8 GHz.
 13. The communication device of claim 9, wherein thetransceiver is configured to process the one or more communicationsignals based on the output clock signal.
 14. The communication deviceof claim 9, wherein the PLL comprises: a time-to-digital converter (TDC)is configured to generate a digital output signal based on the referenceclock signal and a feedback signal; a loop filter configured to filterthe digital output signal to generate a filtered signal; adigital-to-time converter (DTC) configured to generate the output clocksignal based on the filtered signal and the FinFET signal, wherein theDTC is synchronized to the reference clock signal; and multi-modulusdivider (MMD) that is configured to generate the feedback signal basedon the output clock signal.
 15. The communication device of claim 14,wherein the DTC is configured to generate the output clock signal havinga frequency ranging from 500 MHz to 8 GHz based on the filtered signaland the FinFET signal.
 16. The communication device of claim 14, whereinthe DTC is configured to adjust the FinFET signal of the FinFEToscillator based on the filtered signal of the loop filter to generatethe output clock signal.
 17. The communication device of claim 14,wherein the DTC is configured to phase modulate the FinFET signal of theFinFET oscillator based on the filtered signal of the loop filter togenerate the output clock signal.
 18. The communication device of claim14, wherein the DTC is configured to divide the FinFET signal of theFinFET oscillator based on the filtered signal of the loon filter togenerate the output clock signal.
 19. A method to generate a clocksignal, comprising: generating, by a Fin Field Effect Transistor(FinFET) oscillator, a FinFET signal by producing a time varying forceon a channel of a FinFET including a fin with a ratio of a heightdivided by width that is greater than three in response to a timevarying voltage applied to a gate of the FinFET; and generating, by aphased-locked loop (PLL), an output clock signal based on the FinFETsignal and a reference clock signal.
 20. The method of claim 19, whereingenerating the output clock signal comprises modulating the FinFETsignal based on a filtered signal.